AIRCRAFT REFERENCE SPEEDS

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LAST UPDATE JANUARY 1, 2010

Instruments: Airspeeds

Velocity Speeds
Va	Maneuvering- the maximum used in turbulence - usually decreases as weight decreases. Stall will occur before there is structural damage.
Vfe	Top of the white arc - maximum for flaps extended
Vle	Landing gear extension - maximum
Vlo	Operation of landing gear - maximum
Vne	NEVER exceed speed! Red line
Vno	Top of the green arc - maximum structural cruising speed
Vref	Reference for final approach to landing usually 1.3 Vso
Vso	Stall with flaps and gear extended - bottom of white arc
Vs	Stall, gear and flaps up - minimum controllable airspeed
Vx	Best angle of climb - most altitude gain per distance traveled
Vy	Best rate of climb - best time to altitude
Vz	Normal climb - best for cooling and visibility.

MULTI-ENGINE SPEEDS

Vmc	Critical engine out - minimum controllable airspeed
Vsse	Minimum safe operations for single engine
Vxse	Best angle of climb for single engine
Vyse	Best rate of climb for single engine

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